Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi)
The Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) (e-ISSN:2442-9740; p-ISSN:1978-3728) is published by the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Its diciplinary focus is dental science and dental hygiene. The Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) is published in English on a quarterly basis with each 50-60 page edition containing between nine and eleven scientific articles on research, study literature and case studies. Contributors to the Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) included: dental researchers, dental practitioners, lecturers, and students drawn from Indonesia and a wide range of other countries.
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<![CDATA[A study of cytotoxicity and proliferation of Cosmos caudatus Kunth leaf extract in human gingival fibroblast culture ]]>
<![CDATA[Zhafira Nur Shabrina]]>;
<![CDATA[Ni Putu Mira Sumarta]]>;
<![CDATA[Coen Pramono]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 51 No. 4 (2018): December 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p179-184
<![CDATA[Background: Post-extraction dental sockets clinically resolve within a period of 3-4 weeks. However, complete healing and bundling of gingival fibers may require several months. Medication is therefore required to accelerate the healing process. Cosmos caudatus (C. caudatus), a local plant with antioxidant properties and high calcium content, has the potential to promote wound healing while also reportedly capable of strengthening bone. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of C. caudatus as an alternative treatment for post-menopausal osteoporosis by investigating the dynamic and cellular parameters of bone histomorphometry. Purpose: The study aimed to examine the citotoxicity and proliferation of human gingival fibroblast cells culture after the application of C. caudatus extract. Methods: Cultures of human gingival fibroblast cells with 5x104 cell density were divided into two groups and placed in a 30-well culture dish. The control group contained human gingival fibroblast cell culture without extract, while the experimental group consisted of human gingival fibroblast cells culture with extract. The concentrations of extract were 1200 μg/ml, 600 μg/ml, 300 μg/ml, 150 μg/ml, and 75 μg/ml. A toxicity test was conducted and the optimum concentration evaluated using an MTT assay, while fibroblast numbers on were calculated days 1 and 2 by means of a hemocytometer. Research data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. Results: No toxicity was found. The optimum concentration was 600 μg/ml and fibroblast proliferation was significantly higher in the experimental group compared to the control group, p=0.002 (P<0.05). Conclusion: C. caudatus leaf extract is non-toxic and increases the proliferation of human gingival fibroblast culture at an optimum concentration of 600 μg/ml.]]>
<![CDATA[Contrasting perceptions of male and female dental students regarding smile aesthetics based on their gingival display ]]>
<![CDATA[Yessy Josephine Sijabat]]>;
<![CDATA[C. Christnawati]]>;
<![CDATA[Dyah Karunia]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 51 No. 4 (2018): December 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p200-204
<![CDATA[Background: Perception consists of personal opinion in relation to an object. In terms of aesthetics, perception normally differs from one individual to another based on several factors such as gender. When expressing emotion, a smile is the most important facial expression whose aesthetics are constructed from a number of components, including gingival display. Purpose: This study aimed to establish the comparative perceptions of the smile aesthetics of male and female dental students based on their gingival display. Methods: 36 dental students, divided equally according to gender, were enrolled in this study. Photographic images of the smile of each subject were taken from a frontal direction with a Canon EOS 700D digital camera and subsequently printed. Assessments were conducted by comparing the photographs of subjects from the perspective of smile references based on the gingival display, followed by subject scoring on the basis of smile classification. Assessments were conducted twice within a two-week period to confirm test reliability. The data collected was analyzed by means of kappa statistic and U-Mann Whitney tests. Results: The test results indicated that all subjects demonstrated a coincidence in their analysis (κ=0.84). Statistical analysis showed that a score of 0.902 (p>0.05) had been produced by a U-Mann Whitney test. Conclusion: It can be concluded that no difference exists between male and female students in the perception of smile aesthetics based on the gingival display.]]>
<![CDATA[Antioxidant activity test of ethyl acetate fraction of binjai (Mangifera Caesia) leaf ethanol extract ]]>
<![CDATA[K. Khairiah]]>;
<![CDATA[Irham Taufiqurrahman]]>;
<![CDATA[Deby Kania Tri Putri]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 51 No. 4 (2018): December 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p164-168
<![CDATA[Background: Binjai (Mangifera caesia) is a herb derived from South Kalimantan possessing antioxidant properties which promote wound healing inhibiting oxidation radicals. The natural antioxidants present in binjai leaves can be extracted by fractionation. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate fraction in 96% ethanol extract of binjai leaf. Methods: The study constituted a pure experimental study incorporating a post-test design with only random sampling technique consisting of two groups, namely; an ethyl acetate fraction as the treatment group and ascorbic acid as the positive control group. The leaves were treated in accordance with the soxhlet method and subsequently fractionated to extract ethyl acetate fraction. This was used to measure antioxidant activity with DPPH radical damping method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. A linear regression calculation was performed with a standard curve to quantify the IC50 value, before the ethyl acetate fraction underwent a qualitative test of secondary metabolite. Results: An independent t-test indicated significant differences between groups, an average value of IC50 in ascorbic acid of 13.812 ppm with 0.996 linearity and a fraction of ethyl acetate 38.526 ppm with a linearity of 0.999. In contrast, at this linearity value ascorbic acid and ethyl fraction acetate demonstrate a very high linear connection between concentration and inhibition. A secondary metabolite test conducted on the ethyl acetate fraction produced positive results for flavonoid, tannins, and phenol. Conclusion: Based on the IC50 parameters, the fraction of ethyl acetate in 96% ethanol extract of binjai leaf produces very strong antioxidant activity in the content of the compounds in the fraction, namely: flavonoid, tannins and phenol.]]>
<![CDATA[The effects of Acanthus ilicifolius chloroform extract on TLR-2 expression of macrophages in oral candidiasis ]]>
<![CDATA[Dwi Andriani]]>;
<![CDATA[Agni Febrina Pargaputri]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 51 No. 4 (2018): December 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p205-209
<![CDATA[Background: Immunosuppressed conditions due to long-term corticosteroid and tetracycline consumption are susceptible to fungal invasion, especially by Candida albicans (C. albicans), that requires treatment of oral candidiasis. Toll like receptor-2 (TLR-2) plays a role in candida recognition. Nystatin is regularly employed for oral candidiasis, but produces certain side-effects. Chloroform extract of Acanthus ilicifolius (A. ilicifolius) leaves represents both a potent inhibitor of C. albicans growth and an antioxidant. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effect of A. ilicifolius leaf chloroform extract and nystatin treatment on TLR-2 expression in oral candidiasis immunosupressed models. Methods: This study constitutes a true experimental investigation incorporating a post test-only control group design. 20 healthy male Rattus novergicus (Wistar), aged 12 weeks and with an average weight of 250g, were immunosuppressed through oral administration of dexamethasoneand tetracycline for a period of 21 days before being induced with C. albicans (ATCC-10231) 6 x 108 for two weeks. The subjects were divided into five groups (n=4/group): healthy (H), no-treatment(P), nystatin treatment(N), A. Ilicifollius (8%) treatment (AI-1) and A. ilicifollius (16%) treatment (AI-2). The subjects were treated for 14 days, with their tongue being subsequently biopsied. TLR-2 expression was subjected to immunohistochemical examination, observed under a microscope (400x magnification) and statistically analyzed (one-way Anova, LSD-test, p<0.05). Results: TLR-2 expression of P (6.25 ± 2.5), N (11.25 ± 0.96), AI-1 (13.00 ± 1.15), AI-2 (12.75 ± 1.7) was higher than H (1.75 ± 0.5). Significant differences existed between N to P, N, AI-1, AI-2; P to N, AI-1 and AI-2 (p<0.05). No significant differences were present between N, AI-1 and AI-2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A. ilicifolius extract can increase expression of TLR-2 in oral Candidiasis-immunosuppressed models. A. ilicifolius extract produces the same effect in increasing TLR-2 expression when compared to nystatin.]]>
<![CDATA[The difference between residual monomer dentin bonding HEMA and UDMA with acetone and ethanol solvent after binding to type I collagen ]]>
<![CDATA[N. Normayanti]]>;
<![CDATA[Adioro Soetojo]]>;
<![CDATA[Nirawati Pribadi]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 51 No. 4 (2018): December 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p169-172
<![CDATA[Background: In caries and non-caries lesions involving dentine, it is necessary to provide dentine-bonding material to help improve retention between the composite resin and the tooth surface. Composite resin attachment to dentine is influenced by bonding polymerization reactions. In several studies, researchers found that polymerized monomers will experience volume shrinkage because not all will fully polymerize but, rather, become residual monomers that can cause post-operative pain. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the difference in the amount of residual monomers between HEMA- and UDMA-based dentin bonding materials with acetone and ethanol solvents after binding to type I collagen. Methods: Four groups featured in this study: HEMA with acetone solvent and type I collagen , HEMA with ethanol solvent and type I collagen , UDMA with acetone solvent and type I collagen and UDMA with ethanol solvent and type I collagen . All groups were checked by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify the remaining amount of monomers. Results: The percentage of residual monomers of dentine bonding HEMA with acetone solvent and type I collagen was 10.69%, HEMA with ethanol solvent and type I collagen was 13.93%, UDMA with acetone solvent and type I collagen was 2.89% and UDMA with ethanol solvent and type I collagen was 7.48%. Conclusion: HEMA with ethanol solvent has the highest number of residual monomers, while UDMA with acetone solvent has the lowest.]]>
<![CDATA[The evaluation of mandibular bone density in chronic periodontitis models ]]>
<![CDATA[Yuliana Mahdiyah Da’at Arina]]>;
<![CDATA[F. Ferdiansyah]]>;
<![CDATA[Mohamad Rubianto]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 51 No. 4 (2018): December 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p210-215
<![CDATA[Background: Bone density, an important factor in functional bone quality, can affect the success of implant osteointegration or orthodontic treatment. A number of studies report that chonic periodontitis constitutes one risk factor of osteoporosis characterized by low bone mineral density and that the mandible is susceptible to osteoporosis. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate mandibular bone density in animal subjects suffering from chronic periodontitis. Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were divided into four chronic periodontitis groups and four control groups (each group n=5). As chronic periodontitis models, the subjects were injected with 2×109 CFU/ml of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the sulcular gingiva, whereas control group members were injected with normal saline. After 2, 3, 4 and 6-week injection periods, the subjects were sacrificed and radiographic examination of the mandibular bone subsequently performed. Mandibular bone density was evaluated by histometric analysis. Results: The mandibular bone density in members of the chronic periodontitis group was significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). The reduced mandibular bone density in the chronic periodontitis group was in line with the protracted bouts of periodontitis. Conclusion: Reduced mandibular bone density was found in the chronic periodontitis model. The longer the duration of a bout of chronic periodontitis, the greater the reduction in mandibular bone density.]]>
<![CDATA[Variations of gelatin percentages in HA-TCP scaffolds as the result of 6- and 12-hour sintering processes of blood cockle (Anadara granosa) shells against porosity ]]>
<![CDATA[Desak Putu Sudarmi Ari]]>;
<![CDATA[Firda Dean Yonatasya]]>;
<![CDATA[Gita Saftiarini]]>;
<![CDATA[Widyasri Prananingrum]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 51 No. 4 (2018): December 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p158-163
<![CDATA[Background: Porous scaffold is one type of biomaterial primarily employed as a bone substitute material which demonstrates superior osteoconductive and osteointegrative properties than solid scaffold since it can stimulate and accelerate the growth of new tissue. For the purposes of this study, porous scaffold was produced using hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate (HA-TCP) powder derived from a synthesis of blood cockle (Anadara granosa) shells and gelatin. Purpose: The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of the percentage of gelatin in HA-TCP scaffolds derived from 6- and 12-hours sintering processes involving blood cockle shells on porosity. Methods: HA-TCP powder was derived from a synthesis of Anadara granosa shells using a hydrothermal method at 200oC with sintering periods of 6 and 12 hours. A XRD test was subsequently conducted to reveal the compositions of HA-TCP powder. The 24 scaffold samples (n=6) employed were manufactured using a freeze dry method before being divided into four groups, namely; Group 1 using 25% HA-TCP powder (a six-hour sintering process) combined with 20% gelatin, Group 2 using 25% HA-TCP powder (a six-hour sintering process) combined with 10% gelatin, Group 3 using 25% HA-TCP powder (a twelve-hour sintering process) combined with 20% gelatin; and Group 4 using 25% HA-TCP powder (a twelve-hour sintering process) combined with 10% gelatin. A scaffold porosity test was subsequently carried out using a liquid displacement method. A one-way ANOVA test was performed using SPSS, followed by a Post-Hoc LSD (p<0.05). Results: The statistical results for scaffold porosity were within the range of 67.21 -77.51%. The highest porosity was found in Group 3, while the lowest was in Group 4. Significant differences were also present in all groups. Conclusion: Variations in the percentage of gelatin can affect the porosity of HA-TCP scaffolds derived from 6-and 12 hours sintrering processes blood cockle shells. The smaller the percentage of gelatin, the higher the porosity.]]>
<![CDATA[Application of pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) fruit extract for accelerating post-tooth extraction wound healing ]]>
<![CDATA[Intan Nirwana]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 51 No. 4 (2018): December 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p189-193
<![CDATA[Background: Trauma occurring during tooth extraction can cause complications such as bleeding, infection, fracture and dry socket and constitutes an inflammatory response trigger. Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) extract, which contains large amounts of punicallagin and ellagic acid, possesses various qualities, including; anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant. Pomegranate extract can inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production, while also suppressing inflammation response thereby accelerating wound healing. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effect of pomegranate extract application to the tooth extraction wounds of Cavia cobaya (C. cobaya) on the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) on the fourth day of the wound-healing process. Methods: This study used 12 C. cobaya, divided into two groups, namely; control and treatment. The subjects were anesthetized, before their lower left central incisor was extracted and the entire socket filled with CMC-Na 3% in members of the control group and pomegranate extract in those of the treatment group. The twelve C. cobaya were sacrificed on day 4, their lower jaw subsequently being removed and decalcified for approximately 30 days. The mandibula tissue was stained using a immunohistochemical technique. FGF-2 and TGF-β were used to evaluate the healing process in the extracted tooth socket. Differences in the expression of FGF-2 and TGF-β were evaluated statistically by means of a t-test. Results: This study indicated a significant difference between the control and the treatment groups (p<0.05). The treatment group members whose sockets were filled with pomegranate extract showed high FGF-2 and TGF-β expression. Conclusion: This study confirmed that the administration of pomegranate extract to post-extraction tooth wounds of C. cobaya increases the expression of FGF-2 and TGF-β on day 4, thereby accelerating the wound healing process.]]>
<![CDATA[Considerations in performing odontectomy under general anesthesia: case series ]]>
<![CDATA[Anindita Zahratur Rasyida]]>;
<![CDATA[Andra Rizqiawan]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 51 No. 4 (2018): December 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p185-188
<![CDATA[Background: An odontectomy constitutes a common surgical procedure performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons on a daily basis. The anesthesia procedure required during this form of operation may involve the administering of a general anesthesia which, while a safe procedure when performed by an anesthesiologist, still involves an element of risk and should only be undertaken with appropriate safeguards. Various measures, not only anxiety control-based, are suggested in this article. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report considerations factors, other than anxiety, as indications in performing odontectomy conducted under a general anesthesia at Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Cases: Four cases of patients who had undergone an odontectomy under a general anesthetic are reported here. Case management: The four cases of management involved odontectomies conducted under a general anesthetic for a variety of reasons with contrasting outcomes. The treatment of the four patients was based on an anatomical approach and previously ineffective pain control due to greater trauma. One of the patients also suffered from schizophrenia that produced comorbidity requiring holistic observation. This individual required intricate surgery whose performance was challenging under a local anesthetic. None of our other patients suffered from serious complications related either to surgery or the administering of a general anesthetic. Conclusion: In conclusion, important factors relating to an odontectomy performed under a general anesthetic on four patients in Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya included: anxiety, anatomical approach, adequate pain control, comorbidity of systemic medical conditions and the potential need for surgical procedures difficult to perform under a local anesthetic.]]>
<![CDATA[A comparison between orthodontic model analysis using conventional methods and iModelAnalysis ]]>
<![CDATA[Vita Previa Indirayana]]>;
<![CDATA[Gita Gayatri]]>;
<![CDATA[N. R. Yuliawati Zenab]]>
<![CDATA[ Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 51 No. 4 (2018): December 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en ]]>
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DOI: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i4.p173-178
<![CDATA[Background: Model analysis constitutes an essential aspect of orthodontic diagnostic practice. Pavan has developed an application to simplify the mathematical calculations employed in orthodontic model analysis. Purpose: This study was conducted to obtain the differences in results and time periods of model analysis using conventional means and iModelAnalysis. Methods: The research represented a comparative analytic study. The populations comprised dental casts dating from 2014 in the Orthodontics Laboratory of Padjadjaran University. The samples comprised 31 dental casts which were subjected to a total sampling method consisting of two treatments; a conventional method calculation and one using iModelAnalysis. A normality test was conducted and processed using a paired t-test with α=0.05. Results: The means of arch length discrepancies were 1.64±2.63 mm and 1.37±3.07 mm for the conventional methods and 1.65±2.43mm and 1.42±3.04mm for iModelAnalysis. The results of a Bolton analysis for conventional methods were 78.05±2.69% and 91.93±1.29%, while those for iModelAnalysis were 77.91±2.70% and 91.96±2.13%. A Howes analysis of conventional methods produced a result of 45.56±2.83%, while for an iModelAnalysis one of 45.56±2.85%. Pont analysis for conventional methods was 39.35±0.04 mm and 49.17±2.55 mm, while for iModelAnalysis it was 39.35±0.07 mm and 49.19±2.57mm. The mean of the duration of analysis using conventional methods was 1703.81±56.46 seconds, while for iModelAnalysis it was 990.06±34.87 seconds. A normality test confirmed that the data was normally distributed (p>0.05). The results of a paired sample t-test with p>0.05 showed that there was no significant difference between the results of each analysis, while there was significant difference in the time period of analysis. Conclusion: There was no difference in the analysis results. However, there was difference in the time period of analysis between conventional methods and that of iModelAnalysis.]]>
